Crisis reporting and citizen journalism: 7/7 changed the way we experience news

Posted by: Professor Stuart Allan

Remembering 7/7: On July 7 2005 bomb explosions in London destroyed three underground trains and a bus. R/DV/RS, CC BY

The London attacks ten years ago signalled a decisive turning point in the emergence of a new, collaborative ethos for journalism. As media organisations relied on mobile phone images contributed by ordinary citizens, it was clear that news gathering had been recast by technological imperatives.

Today, the person first on the scene of a newsworthy event with a camera, is likely to be an ordinary citizen. The growing popularity of cheap, easy-to-handle digital devices, as well as the ease with which imagery can be uploaded and shared across social networking sites, such as Twitter, Facebook, Path, Flickr, Instagram, Tumblr, Reddit and YouTube, have contributed to this phenomenon.

For varied reasons, priorities and motivations, “accidental photojournalists” with a mobile phone feel compelled to bear witness. They actively engage in diverse forms of photo-reportage to capture and relay what they see unfolding before them. News organisations have developed sophisticated strategies to manage these spontaneous contributions. This becomes even more crucial when breaking news is unfolding in real-time, such as in the reporting of crisis events.

A major case in point occurred in London on July 7 2005 in the immediate aftermath of bomb explosions that destroyed three underground trains and a bus, leaving 56 people dead and more than 700 injured.

Particularly vexing for news organisations during the crisis, especially television news, was the issue of access. Unable to gain entry to London Underground stations due to tight security restrictions being imposed, the devastation engendered by the explosions was out of sight, beyond the reach of their cameras.

On the other side of the emergency services’ cordons, however, were ordinary Londoners, several of whom somehow retained the presence of mind to begin visually recording the harrowing scene of fellow commuters trapped underground.

Much of this “citizen content” was praised for documenting an angle on an event as it was taking place in the absence of journalists. Some even said the dim, grainy and shaky images, had an eerie, even claustrophobic, quality. “Those pictures captured the horror of what it was like to be trapped underground,” Sky News executive editor John Ryley said at the time. “We received a video shot by a viewer on a train near King’s Cross through a mobile,” he further recalled. “And we had some heart-rending, grim stories sent by mobile. It’s a real example of how news has changed as technology has changed.”

A number of extraordinary “phonecam snapshots” of passengers trapped underground were posted on Moblog, a photo-sharing website for mobile phone images. Others used Flickr.com, a photo-sharing service launched the previous year, which enabled people to post content directly from a mobile telephone free of charge. More than 300 bombing photos had been posted within eight hours of the attacks.

Many of these photographs, some breathtaking in their poignancy, were viewed thousands of times within hours of their posting. “It’s some sense that people feel a real connection with a regular person – a student, or a homemaker – who happens to be caught up in world events … how it impacts the regular person in the street,” Flickr co-founder Caterina Fake remarked at the time.

It was precisely this angle that journalists and editors at major news sites were also looking for when quickly sifting through the vast array of images emailed to them. “Within minutes of the first blast, we had received images from the public and we had 50 images within an hour,” Helen Boaden, BBC director of news, affirmed. Pete Clifton, a BBC online interactivity editor, elaborated: “An image of the bus with its roof torn away was sent to us by a reader inside an hour, and it was our main picture on the front page for a large part of the day.”

Several hundred such photographs, together with about 30 video clips, were sent to the BBC’s dedicated email address as the day unfolded. About 70 images and five clips were used on the BBC’s website and in television newscasts. “London explosions: Your photos” presented still images, while one example of a video clip was an 18-second sequence of a passenger evacuating an underground station, taken with a camera phone video. “It certainly showed the power of what our users can do, when they are close to a terrible event like this,” Clifton had said.

Over at the ITV News channel, editor Ben Rayner remarked, “It’s the way forward for instant newsgathering, especially when it involves an attack on the public.” ITN received more than a dozen video clips from mobile phones, according to Rayner. The newscast ran a crawl on the bottom of the screen asking viewers to send in their material. Every effort was made to get it on the air as soon as possible, but not before its veracity was established.

“This is the first time mobile phone images have been used in such large numbers to cover an event like this,” The Evening Standard’s production editor, Richard Oliver, declared. It shows “how this technology can transform the news-gathering process. It provides access to eyewitness images at the touch of a button, speeding up our reaction time to major breaking stories.” News organisations, in his view, were “bound to tap into this resource more and more in future”.

Some images were quickly put to one side, however. “We didn’t publish some of the graphic stuff from the bus explosion,” stated Vicky Taylor, interactivity editor with the BBC. “It was just too harrowing to put up.” Nevertheless, she said, the use of this type of imagery signalled a “turning point” with respect to how major news organisations report breaking news. “What you’re doing,” Taylor observed, “is gathering material you never could have possibly got unless your reporter happened by chance to be caught up in this”.

For Sky News associate editor, Simon Bucks, it represented “a democratisation of news coverage, which in the past we would have only got to later.” Prior to that fateful day “citizen journalism” was an idea, Australian journalist Rob O’Neill had mused. “It was the future, some people said. After London, it had arrived,” he maintained.

Viewed with the benefit of hindsight, the London attacks signalled a decisive turning point in the emergence of a new, collaborative ethos for journalism, at least where the reporting of crisis events unfolding in real-time was concerned.

Not only was journalism on the internet rapidly transfiguring into journalism of the internet, longstanding principles of news reporting – and with them familiar assumptions about who was entitled to bear witness to human tragedies – were being redefined in ways which continue to inspire us today.

This article was originally published on The Conversation.
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